Candide: Illustrated and annotated
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- Candide, or Optimism was first published in 1759 by the French writer Voltaire (born Francois-Marie Arouet in 1694, died in 1778). The most famous and widely read work published by Voltaire, Candide is a satire that critiques contemporary philosophy, and specifically Leibnizian optimism, which posited the doctrine of the best of all possible worlds. Along with other French contemporaries, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, and Montesquieu, Voltaire published at the height of the French Enlightenment, which focused on questions of reason, the scientific method, the body’s physical senses, and sources of knowledge, as well as ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, secularism, and brotherhood. Candide is in constant dialogue with 17th- and 18th-century philosophy and scientific trends on the European continent. Voltaire was a prolific author, using polemic prose to rhetorically engage with contemporary philosophy and social critique. Candide is regarded as his magnum opus and typically considered part of the Western canon. Candide’s plot is fast moving and picaresque, plays with cliches, and is told by a narrator who does not exaggerate but presents events in a straightforward manner. The text features a series of nested stories, wherein the main storyline pauses while various characters recount their own stories. Candide and his traveling companions also engage in frequent philosophical dialogues, debating a range of Enlightenment-era topics. The success of Voltaire’s satire relies on a dry combination of both witty humor and heartbreaking tragedy to deliver his critique of the human condition. The edition used in this summary is Candide: or, Optimism (2005), translated by Theo Cuffe. Plot Summary Candide opens at the castle of Baron Thunder-ten-tronckh in Westphalia, Germany, where the young Candide is in love with the Baron’s daughter Cunégonde and is taught by their tutor Pangloss that the world is the best of all possible worlds. Candide is expelled from the castle when he is caught kissing Cunégonde. He is forcibly recruited into the Bulgar army, and after surviving a bloody battle, he escapes to Holland where he is taken in by James the Anabaptist. Candide encounters Pangloss, now a syphilitic beggar on the streets, and learns that Cunégonde died in an attack on the castle. Candide convinces the Anabaptist to fund Pangloss’ medical treatment. All three leave together by boat on a business trip to Portugal, but upon arriving in the bay of Lisbon, a storm causes a shipwreck, and the Anabaptist drowns. Pangloss and Candide make it ashore, but the city is struck by a devastating earthquake, which kills around 30,000 inhabitants. Pangloss justifies the tragedy with optimism, believing everything is as it should be. While recovering from this disaster, a member of the Spanish Inquisition overhears Pangloss and arrests him for heresy. Pangloss is hung to death in an auto-da-fé, while Candide is publicly flogged.
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